Cov ntsiab lus alloying muaj xws li chromium, npib tsib xee, molybdenum, tungsten, vanadium, titanium, niobium, zirconium, cobalt, silicon, manganese, txhuas, tooj liab, boron, tsis tshua muaj ntiaj teb thiab lwm yam. Phosphorus, sulfur, thiab nitrogen kuj ua raws li cov alloys hauv qee qib steel (xws li 11SMn30).
1. Chromium (Cr) Chromium tuaj yeem ua kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau thiab muaj cov nyhuv ntawm cov tawv tawv thib ob, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho hardness thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm cov hlau tsis ua rau cov hlau nkig. Thaum cov ntsiab lus siab tshaj 12 feem pua, cov hlau muaj qhov kub thiab txias oxidation tsis kam thiab oxidation corrosion kuj, thiab kuj ua rau kom lub thermal zog ntawm cov hlau. Chromium yog lub ntsiab alloying ntawm stainless acid-resistant steel thiab kub-resistant steel. Chromium tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab hardness ntawm carbon steel hauv lub xeev dov, thiab txo qhov elongation thiab txo qhov chaw. Thaum cov ntsiab lus chromium tshaj 15 feem pua, lub zog thiab hardness yuav txo, thiab elongation thiab txo ntawm cheeb tsam yuav nce raws li. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm chromium nyob rau hauv lub quenched thiab tempered qauv yog los txhim kho lub hardenability, kom cov hlau muaj zoo dua txhua yam khoom tom qab quenching thiab tempering. Hauv cov hlau carburized, chromium-muaj carbides tuaj yeem tsim tau, yog li txhim kho qhov chaw tiv thaiv ntawm cov khoom. Abrasiveness. Chromium-muaj caij nplooj ntoos hlav hlau tsis yooj yim decarburized thaum kho cua sov. Chromium tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov hnav tsis kam, hardness thiab liab hardness ntawm cov cuab yeej hlau, thiab muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo. Hauv electrothermal alloys, chromium tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation tsis kam, tsis kam thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau.
2. Nickel (Ni) Nickel ntxiv dag zog rau ferrite thiab refines pearlite hauv hlau. Tag nrho cov nyhuv yog ua kom lub zog, thiab cov nyhuv ntawm plasticity tsis tseem ceeb. Feem ntau hais lus, rau cov pa roj carbon tsawg uas siv rau hauv dov, normalized los yog annealed lub xeev tsis quenching thiab tempering kev kho mob, ib co nickel cov ntsiab lus yuav ua rau kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau yam tsis muaj txo nws cov toughness. Thaum txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau, npib tsib xee tsis tshua muaj kev puas tsuaj rau lub toughness, plasticity thiab lwm yam txheej txheem ntawm steel dua li lwm yam alloying ntsiab. Rau nruab nrab carbon steel, vim npib tsib xee txo cov pearlite transformation kub, lub pearlite ua thinner; thiab vim tias npib tsib xee txo cov pa roj carbon ntsiab lus ntawm eutectoid point, tus naj npawb ntawm pearlite loj dua li ntawm cov hlau uas muaj tib cov ntsiab lus carbon. Lub zog ntawm npib tsib xee-muaj pearlitic ferritic hlau yog siab dua li ntawm cov hlau uas muaj tib cov ntsiab lus carbon. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, yog tias lub zog ntawm cov hlau zoo ib yam, cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau uas muaj cov nickel tuaj yeem raug txo kom tsim nyog, kom lub zog thiab plasticity ntawm cov hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho. Nickel tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau tsis muaj zog kom qaug zog thiab txo qhov rhiab heev ntawm cov hlau mus rau thais. Nickel txo qhov kub ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm cov hlau, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj kub. Hlau nrog 3.5 feem pua nickel tuaj yeem siv tau ntawm -100 degree , thiab steel nrog 9 feem pua nickel tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ntawm -196 degree . Nickel tsis ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cov hlau kom nkag mus, yog li nws feem ntau tsis siv los ua lub zog ntxiv rau cov hlau muaj zog thermal. Tsis tas li ntawd, npib tsib xee ntxiv rau hlau tuaj yeem tsis tsuas yog tiv taus acid, tab sis kuj tiv taus alkali, thiab muaj corrosion kuj rau cua thiab ntsev. Nickel yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj acid-resistant.
3. molybdenum (Mo) Molybdenum tuaj yeem txhim kho hardenability thiab thermal zog hauv steel, tiv thaiv temper brittleness, nce remanence thiab coercivity thiab corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv tej yam xov xwm.
4. Tungsten (W) Ntxiv rau kev tsim cov carbides hauv cov hlau, tungsten ib nrab yaj mus rau hauv cov hlau los tsim cov kuab tshuaj. Nws cov nyhuv zoo ib yam li cov molybdenum. Muab xam los ntawm pawg pawg, cov txiaj ntsig dav dav tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm molybdenum. Cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm tungsten nyob rau hauv cov hlau yog ua kom tempering stability, liab hardness, thermal zog thiab muaj zog hnav tsis kam vim yog tsim ntawm carbides. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsuas yog siv rau cov cuab yeej steel, xws li high-speed steel, steel rau kub forging tuag, thiab lwm yam. Vim yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm tungsten, hnav tsis kam thiab machinability ntawm hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo, yog li tungsten yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. ntawm alloy tool steel.
5. Vanadium (V) Vanadium muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov pa roj carbon, ammonia thiab oxygen, thiab cov ntaub ntawv sib txuas nrog cov sib txuas ruaj khov nrog nws. Vanadium muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm carbides nyob rau hauv steel. Nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov qauv thiab cov nplej ntawm cov hlau thiab txo lub zog thiab toughness ntawm cov hlau. Thaum nws yaj mus rau hauv ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws ua rau kom muaj zog; ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, thaum nws muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm carbide, nws txo cov hardenability. Vanadium tsub kom tempering stability ntawm hardened steel thiab ua ib tug thib ob hardening nyhuv. Cov ntsiab lus vanadium nyob rau hauv steel, tshwj tsis yog rau cov cuab yeej high-speed steel, feem ntau tsis ntau tshaj 0.5 feem pua. Vanadium tuaj yeem kho cov nplej hauv cov pa roj carbon zoo tib yam, txhim kho lub zog thiab cov txiaj ntsig zoo tom qab normalizing thiab tsis tshua muaj qhov kub thiab txias, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau. Vanadium nyob rau hauv alloy structural steel feem ntau yog siv ua ke nrog manganese, chromium, molybdenum thiab tungsten hauv cov qauv hlau vim nws yuav txo cov hardenability nyob rau hauv kev kho cua sov.
6. Titanium (Ti) Titanium muaj zog affinity nrog nitrogen, oxygen, thiab carbon, thiab muaj zog affinity nrog sulfur dua hlau. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib tug zoo deoxidizer thiab ib tug zoo lub caij rau kho nitrogen thiab carbon. Txawm hais tias titanium yog ib qho muaj zog carbide-forming caij, nws tsis ua ke nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus los tsim cov tebchaw nyuaj. Titanium carbide muaj zog ruaj khov, ruaj khov, thiab tsis yooj yim rau decompose. Nws tsuas tuaj yeem maj mam yaj mus rau hauv cov kua dej thaum rhuab mus rau saum 1000 degree hauv cov hlau. Hlau ua WeChat, cov ntsiab lus yog qhov zoo, nws tsim nyog mloog. Ua ntej yuav yaj, titanium carbide hais muaj cov nyhuv ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov nplej. Txij li qhov kev sib raug zoo ntawm titanium thiab carbon yog ntau dua li ntawm chromium thiab carbon, titanium feem ntau yog siv los kho cov pa roj carbon hauv cov hlau tsis muaj steel kom tshem tawm cov depletion ntawm chromium ntawm cov ciam teb, yog li tshem tawm lossis txo cov kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau. Titanium kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog ferrite tsim cov ntsiab lus, uas ua rau muaj zog A1 thiab A3 kub ntawm cov hlau. Titanium tuaj yeem txhim kho plasticity thiab toughness hauv cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau. Lub zog ntawm cov hlau yog nce raws li titanium kho nitrogen thiab sulfur thiab tsim titanium carbide. Tom qab normalizing, cov nplej tau ua kom zoo dua qub, thiab nag lossis daus los ua carbides tuaj yeem txhim kho cov plasticity thiab cuam tshuam rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau. Cov hlau hlau uas muaj titanium muaj cov khoom siv zoo thiab cov txheej txheem, tab sis lub ntsiab tsis zoo yog qhov hardenability me ntsis.
7. Niobium (Nb) Niobium tuaj yeem yaj mus rau hauv cov kua dej hauv cov hlau thiab ua lub luag haujlwm hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom muaj zog. Thaum yaj nyob rau hauv austenite, lub hardenability ntawm hlau yog ho txhim kho. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm carbides thiab oxide hais, nws refines cov nplej thiab txo cov hardenability ntawm cov hlau. Nws tuaj yeem ua rau kom tempering ruaj khov ntawm cov hlau thiab muaj cov nyhuv hardening thib ob. Cov lej ntawm niobium tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws cov ductility lossis toughness. Vim tias cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov nplej ua kom zoo, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov hlau thiab txo nws qhov kev hloov pauv kub. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntau dua 8 npaug ntawm cov pa roj carbon, yuav luag tag nrho cov pa roj carbon monoxide hauv cov hlau tuaj yeem kho tau, kom cov hlau muaj hydrogen tsis kam. Hauv austenitic steels, nws tuaj yeem tiv thaiv intergranular corrosion ntawm hlau los ntawm oxidizing media. Vim cov pa roj carbon monoxide ruaj khov thiab nag lossis daus hardening, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kub thiab txias ntawm thermal zog steel, xws li creep zog.