8. Zirconium (Zr) Zirconium yog ib qho muaj zog carbide qub, thiab nws lub luag haujlwm hauv cov hlau zoo ib yam li niobium, tantalum, thiab vanadium. Ntxiv ib qho me me ntawm zirconium muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm degassing, purifying thiab refining nplej, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ua haujlwm kub ntawm cov hlau thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm stamping. chrome plated bar
9. Cobalt (Co) Cobalt feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb steels thiab alloys. Cobalt-muaj high-speed steel muaj siab kub hardness. Ntxiv molybdenum rau maraging steel tib lub sijhawm tuaj yeem tau txais ultra-siab hardness thiab zoo txhua yam khoom siv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cobalt kuj tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau alloying hauv thermally muaj zog hlau thiab cov khoom sib nqus. Cobalt tuaj yeem txo qhov hardenability ntawm cov hlau, yog li ntxiv rau cov pa roj carbon steel ib leeg yuav txo tau cov khoom siv txhua yam tom qab quenching thiab tempering. Cobalt tuaj yeem ntxiv dag zog rau ferrite. Thaum ntxiv rau carbon steel, nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov hardness, yield point thiab tensile lub zog ntawm steel nyob rau hauv lub xeev annealed los yog normalized. txo nrog nce cov ntsiab lus cobalt. Vim nws cov khoom tiv thaiv oxidation, cobalt yog siv hauv cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov thiab cov hlau tsis muaj cua sov. Cobalt-based alloy gas turbines qhia nws lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb. piston qws
10. Silicon (Si) Silicon tuaj yeem yaj hauv ferrite thiab austenite los txhim kho lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau, nws lub luag hauj lwm yog thib ob rau phosphorus, thiab muaj zog tshaj manganese, npib tsib xee, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium thiab lwm yam khoom. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov ntsiab lus silicon ntau dua 3 feem pua, cov yas thiab tawv ntawm cov hlau yuav raug txo kom tsawg. Silicon tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev txwv tsis pub muaj zog, tawm dag zog thiab tawm los piv (σs / σb), thiab qaug zog thiab qaug zog piv (σ-1 / σb) ntawm cov hlau. Qhov no yog vim hais tias silicon los yog silicon-manganese hlau tuaj yeem siv los ua lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav hlau. Silicon tuaj yeem txo qhov ntom ntom, thermal conductivity thiab hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm hlau. Nws tuaj yeem txhawb cov coarsening ntawm ferrite nplej thiab txo cov coercivity. Muaj ib qho kev nyiam los txo cov anisotropy ntawm cov siv lead ua, ua kom cov hlau nplaum yooj yim thiab txo cov magnetoresistance, uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov hlau hluav taws xob, yog li cov hlau nplaum tsis zoo ntawm cov ntawv silicon steel yog tsawg. Silicon tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov sib nqus permeability ntawm ferrite, kom cov ntawv hlau muaj qhov sib nqus ntau dua hauv qhov tsis muaj zog hlau nplaum. Tab sis silicon txo qhov sib nqus induction ntawm steel nyob rau hauv muaj zog magnetic teb. Silicon muaj zog deoxidizing zog, yog li txo qhov kev laus ntawm cov hlau nplaum. Thaum cov hlau uas muaj silicon yog rhuab hauv qhov chaw oxidizing, ib txheej ntawm SiO2 zaj duab xis yuav raug tsim rau ntawm qhov chaw, yog li txhim kho oxidation tsis kam ntawm cov hlau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias. Silicon tuaj yeem txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm columnar crystals hauv cam khwb cia hlau thiab txo cov yas. Yog tias cov hlau silicon txias sai sai thaum cua sov, vim qhov thermal conductivity tsawg, qhov kub sib txawv ntawm sab hauv thiab sab nraud ntawm cov hlau yog loj, yog li nws yuav tawg. Silicon tuaj yeem txo qhov weldability ntawm steel. Vim tias silicon muaj lub peev xwm sib txuas nrog cov pa oxygen ntau dua li hlau, nws yooj yim los tsim kom muaj cov silicate uas tsis tshua muaj melting thaum lub sij hawm vuam, uas ua rau kom cov fluidity ntawm slag thiab molten hlau, ua rau splashing, thiab cuam tshuam rau vuam zoo. Silicon yog ib qho zoo deoxidizer. Thaum deoxidizing nrog txhuas, ntxiv qee qhov nyiaj ntawm silicon raws li qhov tsim nyog tuaj yeem txhim kho tus nqi deoxidation. Muaj qee qhov seem ntawm silicon nyob rau hauv steel, uas yog coj los ua raw khoom thaum lub sij hawm hlau thiab hlau ua. Hauv boiling steel, silicon yog txwv rau<0.07%, and="" when="" intentionally="" added,="" ferrosilicon="" is="" added="" during="" steelmaking.="" hollow="">
11. Manganese (Mn) Manganese yog ib qho zoo deoxidizer thiab desulfurizer. Hlau feem ntau muaj qee qhov manganese, uas tuaj yeem tshem tawm lossis ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm cov hlau los ntawm leej faj, yog li txhim kho cov haujlwm kub ntawm cov hlau. Cov khoom tov tsim los ntawm manganese thiab hlau tsub kom lub hardness thiab lub zog ntawm ferrite thiab austenite nyob rau hauv cov hlau; Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws yog cov khoom tsim los ntawm carbide, thiab nws nkag mus rau hauv cementite los hloov ib feem ntawm cov hlau atoms. Manganese txo qhov kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv cov hlau. Nws plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm refining pearlite thiab indirectly txhim kho lub zog ntawm pearlite hlau. Manganese yog qhov thib ob tsuas yog npib tsib xee hauv nws lub peev xwm kom ruaj khov austenite thiab tseem ua rau kom muaj zog ntawm cov hlau. Ntau hom hlau alloys tau ua los ntawm manganese nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis pub ntau tshaj 2 feem pua thiab lwm yam. Manganese muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab ntau yam kev ua tau zoo, thiab tau siv dav, xws li carbon steel thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav steel nrog cov ntsiab lus siab manganese. Nyob rau hauv high-carbon thiab high-manganese hnav-resistant steel, cov ntsiab lus manganese tuaj yeem ncav cuag 10 feem pua mus rau 14 feem pua, thiab nws muaj qhov tawv tawv zoo tom qab kev kho tshuaj. Thaum nws yog deformed los ntawm kev cuam tshuam, txheej txheej saum npoo yuav muaj zog vim deformation, thiab nws muaj kev tiv thaiv siab rau Abrasiveness. Manganese thiab sulfur daim ntawv MnS nrog lub melting point ntau dua, uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kub embrittlement los ntawm FeS. Manganese muaj ib tug nyiam ua kom cov hlau nplej coarsening thiab rhiab heev rau temper brittleness. Kev ua kom txias tsis zoo tom qab smelting, casting thiab forging yuav yooj yim ua rau cov pob dawb tshwm sim hauv cov hlau. hydraulic piston pas nrig
12. Aluminium (Al) Aluminium yog tsuas yog siv rau deoxidation thiab grain refinement. Nyob rau hauv nitrided steel, nws txhawb kev tsim ntawm ib qho nyuaj, corrosion-resistant nitrided txheej. Aluminium tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev laus ntawm cov pa roj carbon tsawg thiab txhim kho cov tawv tawv ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj kub. Thaum cov ntsiab lus siab, oxidation tsis kam ntawm steel thiab corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv oxidizing acid thiab H2S gas tuaj yeem txhim kho, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus ntawm cov hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho. Aluminium muaj cov khoom siv zoo heev ntxiv dag zog rau cov hlau, uas txhim kho qhov hnav tsis kam, qaug zog lub zog thiab cov khoom siv kho tshuab tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau carburized. Aluminium-muaj hlau-chromium-aluminium alloys muaj nyob ze-qhov ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua thiab zoo oxidation tsis kam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab haum rau electro-metallurgical alloy cov ntaub ntawv thiab chromium-aluminium kuj nyob ntawm tej. Thaum qee cov hlau yog deoxidized, yog tias tus nqi ntawm txhuas ntau dhau, cov hlau yuav muaj cov qauv txawv txav thiab nyiam txhawb cov graphitization ntawm cov hlau. Hauv ferritic thiab pearlitic steels, thaum cov ntsiab lus aluminium siab, nws qhov kub thiab txias zog yuav raug txo, thiab nws yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem rau smelting thiab casting.
13. Copper (Cu) Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm tooj liab hauv cov hlau yog txhawm rau txhim kho atmospheric corrosion tsis kam ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum siv nrog phosphorus, ntxiv tooj liab tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam. welding kev ua tau zoo. Rail steel (U-Cu) uas muaj 0.20 feem pua rau 0.50 feem pua tooj liab, ntxiv rau hnav tsis kam, nws lub neej corrosion kuj yog 2-5 zaug uas ntawm dog dig carbon steel rails. Thaum cov ntsiab lus tooj liab ntau dua 0.75 feem pua, cov nyhuv txhawb kev laus tuaj yeem tsim tau tom qab kev daws teeb meem thiab kev laus. Thaum cov ntsiab lus qis, nws cov nyhuv zoo ib yam li cov nickel, tab sis nws tsis muaj zog. Thaum cov ntsiab lus siab, nws yog qhov tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm kub deformation, uas ua rau tooj liab embrittlement thaum kub deformation ua. 2 feem pua rau 3 feem pua tooj liab hauv austenitic stainless hlau tuaj yeem muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion rau sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid thiab hydrochloric acid thiab ruaj khov rau kev ntxhov siab corrosion.
14. Boron (B) Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm boron hauv cov hlau yog txhawm rau ua kom lub zog ntawm cov hlau, yog li txuag lwm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj, xws li npib tsib xee, chromium, molybdenum, thiab lwm yam. Rau lub hom phiaj no, nws cov ntsiab lus feem ntau tau teev nyob rau hauv ntau yam. 0 001 feem pua rau 0.005 feem pua . Nws tuaj yeem hloov 1.6 feem pua nickel, 0.3 feem pua chromium lossis 0.2 feem pua molybdenum. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias molybdenum tuaj yeem hloov tau los ntawm boron, vim tias molybdenum tuaj yeem tiv thaiv lossis txo qhov kub hnyiab, thaum boron muaj qhov cuam tshuam me ntsis los txhawb kev npau taws, yog li nws siv tsis tau. Boron kiag li hloov molybdenum. Ntxiv boron rau nruab nrab carbon carbon steel tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom ntawm cov hlau nrog lub thickness ntawm ntau tshaj 20 hli tom qab quenching thiab tempering vim kev txhim kho hardenability. Yog li ntawd, 40B thiab 40MnB steel tuaj yeem siv los hloov 40Cr, thiab 20Mn2TiB steel tuaj yeem siv 20CrMnTi carburized steel. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias cov nyhuv ntawm boron tsis muaj zog lossis txawm ploj mus nrog qhov nce ntawm cov ntsiab lus carbon hauv cov hlau, thaum xaiv boron-muaj carburized steel, nws yuav tsum tau xav tias tom qab cov khoom yog carburized, hardenability ntawm carburized txheej yuav qis dua. tshaj qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no feature ntawm permeability.
15. Rare Earths (Re) Feem ntau hais lus, cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb xa mus rau cov ntsiab lus lanthanide (15) nrog cov lej atomic ntawm 57 txog 71 nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, ntxiv rau scandium No. 21 thiab yttrium No. 39, tag nrho ntawm 17 lub ntsiab. Lawv nyob ze ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab tsis tuaj yeem sib cais yooj yim. Unseparated sib xyaw cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb yog pheej yig, thiab cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem txhim kho cov plasticity thiab cuam tshuam cov tawv nqaij ntawm forged steel, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlau cam khwb cia. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho kev nkag siab ntawm cov cua sov-resistant steel electrothermal alloys thiab superalloys. Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb tuaj yeem txhim kho oxidation thiab corrosion kuj ntawm hlau. Cov nyhuv ntawm oxidation tsis kam tshaj cov ntsiab lus xws li silicon, aluminium, thiab titanium. Nws tuaj yeem txhim kho cov dej ntws ntawm cov hlau, txo cov hlau tsis muaj hlau, thiab ua kom cov qauv hlau ntom ntom thiab ntshiab. Ntxiv cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog hauv ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau muaj qhov zoo deoxidation thiab desulfurization nyhuv, txhim kho kev cuam tshuam toughness (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis tshua muaj kub toughness), thiab txhim kho anisotropic zog. Cov ntsiab lus tsis tshua muaj hauv ntiaj teb nce oxidation tsis kam ntawm cov hlau hauv Fe-Cr-Al alloys, tswj cov nplej zoo ntawm cov hlau ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, thiab txhim kho lub zog kub, yog li txhim kho lub neej ntawm electrothermal alloy.
16. Nitrogen (N) Nitrogen tuaj yeem siv ib nrab ntawm cov hlau, thiab nws muaj cov nyhuv ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kom muaj zog thiab txhim kho hardenability, tab sis nws tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb. Vim yog nag lossis daus ntawm nitrides ntawm cov ciam teb nplej, qhov kub siab zog ntawm cov ciam teb tuaj yeem txhim kho, thiab lub zog creep ntawm cov hlau tuaj yeem nce ntxiv. Ua ke nrog lwm cov khoom hauv cov hlau, nws muaj nag lossis daus hardening. Kev tiv thaiv corrosion ntawm hlau tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb, tab sis tom qab nitriding nto ntawm cov hlau, nws tsis tsuas yog ua kom nws cov tawv tawv thiab hnav tsis kam, tab sis kuj tseem txhim kho corrosion kuj. Residual nitrogen hauv cov hlau me me tuaj yeem ua rau lub hnub nyoog brittleness.
17. Sulphur (S) nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm leej faj thiab manganese tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom siv hlau. Hauv cov hlau tsis pub txiav, sulfur yog ntxiv los ua ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo. Sulfur cais hnyav hauv cov hlau. Deteriorating qhov zoo ntawm cov hlau, ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, txo cov plasticity ntawm cov hlau, yog ib qho teeb meem uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm FeS nrog ib tug qis melting point. Lub melting point ntawm FeS ib leeg tsuas yog 1190 degree, thaum lub eutectic kub uas ua eutectic nrog hlau nyob rau hauv steel txawm qis dua, tsuas yog 988 degree. Thaum cov hlau solidifies, hlau sulfide sib sau ua ke ntawm thawj cov qoob loo ciam teb. Thaum cov hlau tau dov ntawm 1100-1200 degree, FeS ntawm thaj tsam ntawm cov nplej yuav yaj, uas ua rau lub zog sib txuas ntawm cov nplej, ua rau kub kub ntawm cov hlau, yog li cov sulfur yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis. Feem ntau tswj ntawm 0.020 feem pua rau 0.050 feem pua . Txhawm rau tiv thaiv brittleness vim yog sulfur, manganese txaus yuav tsum tau ntxiv rau daim ntawv MnS nrog lub melting point ntau dua. Yog hais tias tus nqi ntws hauv cov hlau yog siab dhau lawm, qhov pores thiab porosity yuav raug tsim nyob rau hauv cov hlau welded vim lub cim ntawm SO2 thaum lub sij hawm vuam.
18. Phosphorus (P) Phosphorus muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj zog ntxiv dag zog thiab ua haujlwm txias ua kom muaj zog hauv cov hlau. Ntxiv nws los ua cov khoom siv alloying rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau tuaj yeem txhim kho nws lub zog thiab atmospheric corrosion tsis kam ntawm hlau, tab sis txo nws qhov txias stamping kev ua tau zoo. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm phosphorus, sulfur thiab manganese tuaj yeem ua rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau thiab ua kom lub ntsej muag zoo ntawm lub workpiece. Nws yog siv rau dawb-txiav steel, yog li dawb-txiav steel muaj kuj phosphorus siab. Phosphorus yog siv nyob rau hauv ferrite. Txawm hais tias nws tuaj yeem txhim kho lub zog thiab tawv tawv ntawm cov hlau, qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws yog qhov sib cais loj, uas ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov, ua rau cov yas thiab tawv tawv ntawm cov hlau, thiab ua rau cov hlau yooj yim nkig thaum ua haujlwm txias. phosphorus kuj cuam tshuam rau weldability. Phosphorus yog ib qho teeb meem thiab yuav tsum tau tswj nruj me ntsis, thiab cov ntsiab lus dav dav tsis ntau tshaj 0.03 feem pua rau 0.04 feem pua.
19. Carbon (C) Cov pa roj carbon monoxide yog lub ntsiab alloying ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hlau, yog li cov ntaub ntawv hlau tseem tuaj yeem hu ua hlau-carbon alloys. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm cov pa roj carbon hauv cov hlau yog tsim cov qauv kev daws teeb meem thiab txhim kho lub zog ntawm cov hlau, xws li ferrite thiab austenite qauv, tag nrho cov uas yog yaj hauv carbon; Kev tsim cov qauv carbide tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov hardness thiab hnav tsis kam ntawm cov hlau. Yog li ntawd, cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv cov hlau, cov pa roj carbon ntau dua, lub zog thiab hardness ntawm cov hlau ntau dua, tab sis cov plasticity thiab toughness kuj yuav txo; Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov qis dua cov ntsiab lus carbon, siab dua cov yas thiab toughness ntawm cov hlau, thiab nws lub zog, hardness kuj yuav txo.
Raws li cov kws tshaj lij steel khoom tsim khoom, Jiangsu Tshiab Heyi Machinery Co., Ltd muaj ntau tshaj 20 xyoo dhau los, induction hardened pas nrig, micro alloy steel pas nrig, chrome ncej thiab hydraulic hollow pas nrig kuj yog peb cov khoom muag kub, yog tias koj muaj lus nug, thov koj xav tiv tauj peb.